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Authors
Chacha, Gervas A.
Seth, Misago D.
Mandai, Salehe S.
Petro, Daniel A.
Challe, Daniel P.
Kisambale, Angelina J.
Budodo, Rule
Madebe, Rashid A.
Mbwambo, Ruth B.
Bakari, Catherine
Pereus, Dativa
Aaron, Sijenunu
Mbwambo, Daniel
Lusasi, Abdallah
Lazaro, Samuel
Mandara, Celine I.
Ishengoma, Deus S.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
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Article History
Received: 25 October 2025
Accepted: 28 April 2026
First Online: 7 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was part of the MSMT project whose protocol was approved by the Medical Research Coordinating Committee of the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) with ethical clearance number Ref. NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.1X/35798 dated 16th December 2020. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the President’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG), health authorities of the five regions and the districts as well as village leaders. Informed consent/assent was sought and obtained from each participant or parents/legal guardians of the children before participating in the survey. Permission to publish this paper was sought and obtained from the Director General of NIMR.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
