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Article History

Received: 2 February 2026

Accepted: 21 May 2026

First Online: 19 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committees of the Kano State Ministry of Health (SHREC/2025/6679) and the Kaduna State Ministry of Health (MOH/ADM/744/VOL.1/1110068). Prior to participation, verbal informed consent was obtained from all respondents because the study involved minimal risk and collected facility-level operational information rather than personal health data. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, voluntary nature of participation, their right to decline or withdraw at any time without consequences, and the confidentiality of their responses. To protect participant privacy, identifying information collected for verification purposes was removed prior to analysis, and all results are reported in aggregated form to prevent identification of individual facilities or respondents. Data generated from the study were stored in password-protected electronic devices accessible only to the research team, and all procedures were conducted in accordance with established ethical guidelines to ensure participant safety and data security.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.