Kisambale, Angelina J.
Moshi, Ramadhan
Pereus, Dativa
Mbwambo, Ruth B.
Mandai, Salehe S.
Chacha, Gervas A.
Lyimo, Beatus
Madebe, Rashid A.
Budodo, Rule
Bakari, Catherine
Semboja, Hussein J.
Petro, Daniel A.
Challe, Daniel P.
Aaron, Sijenunu
Mbwambo, Daniel
Lusasi, Abdallah
Kajange, Stella
Lazaro, Samwel
Mandara, Celine I.
Seth, Misago D.
Kulohoma, Benard W.
Juma, Gerald
Ishengoma, Deus S.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gates Foundation , United states (INV. 002202)
Article History
Received: 24 March 2026
Accepted: 23 May 2026
First Online: 1 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study utilised sequence data downloaded from the open-access MalariaGEN resource . In Tanzania, the study protocols were reviewed and approved by the Tanzanian Medical Research Coordinating Committee (MRCC) of the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), approval number NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol. IX/1140. In Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda the ethical approval for conducting the studies were reviewed by the respective institutional committees. Permission to publish was obtained from the Director General of NIMR.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.