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Authors
Mbwambo, Ruth B.
Pereus, Dativa
Bakari, Catherine
Moshi, Ramadhan
Kisambale, Angelina J.
Madebe, Rashid A.
Misago, Seth D.
Mandara, Celine I.
Lyimo, Beatus
Mbwambo, Daniel
Aaron, Sijenunu
Lusasi, Abdallah
Lazaro, Samwel
Juma, Gerald
Kulohoma, Benard W.
Ishengoma, Deus S.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
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Article History
Received: 30 October 2025
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 24 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study utilized sequence data obtained from the open-source MalariaGEN database ( ). The study protocols for projects that collected samples in Tanzania were reviewed and approved by the Tanzanian Medical Research Coordinating Committee (MRCC) of the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR; approval number NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol. IX/1140). Ethical approval for related projects in Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia was also obtained from the respective national or institutional ethical review committees. Permission to publish this study was granted by the Director General of NIMR.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
