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Authors
Rutayisire, Robert
Uwimana, Aline
Rujeni, Nadine
Ndoricyimpaye, Ella Larissa
Ntirenganya, Lazare
Caillet, Celine
Dhorda, Mehul
Mutesa, Leon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5308-3706
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
President’s Malaria Initiative
FD-TACT/University of Oxford Project (R82475/CN005)
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Article History
Received: 4 April 2026
Accepted: 14 July 2026
First Online: 27 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study involved testing commercially available pharmaceutical products obtained through routine supply chain activities. No human subjects, biological samples, or personal data were involved; therefore, ethical approval was not required under Rwandan national research ethics regulations or international guidelines.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
