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Authors
Oliveira, Rafael
Musabyimana, Jean Pierre
Kabalisa, Emmanuel
Gashema, Pierre
Nshimiyimana, Fabien
Buregeya, Jean Damascene
Uwumutima, Immaculee
Hitimana, Eugene
Habarugira, Felix
Ngarambe, Christian
Muvunyi, Claude Mambo
Ndoli Minega, Jules
Mockenhaupt, Frank P.
van Loon, Welmoed
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (23Ac03025)
Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung, grant (23Ac03025)
Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Article History
Received: 30 March 2026
Accepted: 11 August 2026
First Online: 19 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the Rwanda National Ethics Committee (RNEC), reference RNEC/548/2024. All study participants provided written informed consent; additionally, participants aged 7–18 years provided written assent.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
