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Authors
Baguiya, Adama https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-4896
Taylor, Cameron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5474-0835
Meda, Ivlabèhirè Bertrand https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9717-3770
Garanet, Franck https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5428-4692
Coulibaly, Abou https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6015-3824
Benova, Lenka https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8595-365X
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Article History
Received: 27 April 2026
Accepted: 15 September 2026
First Online: 29 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) Program, the countries' DHS and MIS teams, and the MICS (UNICEF and countries) teams ensured the protection of human subjects in accordance with local and international laws and regulations throughout all research processes. Each survey was approved by the country's and institution's ethics committees. For all the procedures, the survey teams sought and obtained informed consent from the participants. We requested and received approval for this analysis from the DHS Program (for DHS and MIS) on April 13, 2023, and from UNICEF (regarding MICS data) on April 28, 2023. We therefore downloaded the datasets and performed the analysis. Data were de-identified, and we did not have access to data that could identify the participants.
Patient and public involvement: This was a secondary data analysis. There has been no patient or public involvement at any stage of the study.
Competing interests: The authors reported no competing of interest.
