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Authors
Li, Zhirong
Miao, Yating
Yu, Ting
Jin, Lina
Ma, Yanan
Zhang, Xinyao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4113-8092
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Article History
Received: 20 December 2025
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 20 June 2026
Declarations
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: UK Biobank has ethical approval from the Northwest Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee as a Research Tissue Bank (2011), renewed every five years, allowing researchers to use UK Biobank data without additional clearance. All participants provided written informed consent. Data from NHANES and YRBSS are publicly available and collected under their respective ethical approvals. The Jiangsu Provincial Database was approved by the Jiangsu Health Commission and participating institutions, and all participants provided informed consent.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
