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Authors
Ahmed, Md Kawsar
Alman, Kaisar Ahmed
Rashid, Meemnur
Muhib, Farhan
Rahman, Saeedur
Noor, Nawsabah
Islam, Md. Khairul
Chowdhury, Forhad Uddin Hasan
Sharif, Md. Mohiuddin
Ratul, Rifat Hossain
Jahan, Sohana
Ahmed, Mushfiq Newaz
Rahman, Naveed
Islam, Kazi Nazmul
Shakil, Mohammad Shahjahan Siddike
Islam, Md. Safiul
Ahmed, Salahuddin
Anam, Md. Khairul
Miah, Md. Titu
Amin, Robed
Labrique, Alain Bernard
Khan, Yasser
Hasan, Taufiq
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Prerona Foundation
Innovation Design and Entrepreneurship Academy (iDEA), ICT Division
Ankur International Foundation
Manush Manusher Jonyo Foundation
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Article History
Received: 8 May 2025
Accepted: 18 January 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
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: The device validation studies (on five healthy volunteers and five hypoxemic patients) and the subsequent pilot comparative study were conducted under full ethical oversight. The validation study was approved by the National Research Ethics Committee (NREC) of the Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC), Dhaka, Bangladesh (Ref: BMRC/NREC/2019-2022/1110), and the pilot study by the Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA), Dhaka, Bangladesh (Ref: DGDA/CTP-04/2016/10056). All procedures were carried out in accordance with the approved clinical guidelines and regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from every participant prior to enrollment.
: Informed consent was obtained from each of the participants. In addition, separate consent was secured from one volunteer whose identifying images appear in an online open‑access format.
: T.H., M.K.A., K.A.A., M.R., and F.M. are inventors of a US patent (US 11793958, Oct. 24, 2023). All other authors declare no competing interests.
