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Article History

Received: 21 May 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 16 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All the experiments were performed according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines and regulations. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Augusta University (protocol #2014–0625) approved all the experimental procedures. All animals were kept under regular barrier conditions at room temperature with exposure to light for 12 h and dark for 12 h. Food and water were offered ad libitum. All efforts were made to ameliorate the suffering of animals. CO2 with a secondary method was used to euthanize animals for tissue collection.

: We would like to mention that this manuscript has not been published and or not submitted elsewhere for publication while being considered by the journal Nanomaterials .

: The authors declare no competing interests.