Hunt, Xanthe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-6665
Marks, Sarah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4804-3694
Hameed, Shaffa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2723-1709
Srisuppaphon, Donruedee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8518-9759
Diez-Canseco, Francisco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7611-8190
Riewpaiboon, Wachara https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5748-2758
Viriyathorn, Shaheda https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2579-505X
Tangcharoensathien, Viroj https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3235-0091
Goyal, Divya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8000-6693
Smythe, Tracey https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-7362
Khan, Rifat Shahpar https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6950-1979
Ngoc, Luong Anh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0686-6940
Ganle, John https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8382-3437
Tetali, Shailaja https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7006-6935
Huq, Lopita https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2056-0297
Shakespeare, Tom https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2571-2787
Ilkkursun, Zeynep https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6691-1809
Acarturk, Ceren https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7093-1554
Mai, Vu Quynh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-0564
Banks, Lena Morgon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4585-1103
Funding for this research was provided by:
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA, GB-EDU-133903-PENDA)
Article History
Received: 3 May 2024
Accepted: 13 April 2025
First Online: 5 May 2025
Declarations
:
: Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (22138 & 28095) and national review boards in each country: Institutional Review Board, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University (IRB Reference No. IRB- 22 March’21–008) in Bangladesh; Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee (GHS-ERC009/06/20) in Ghana; Institutional Ethics Committee Indian Institute of Public Health Hyderabad (IIPHH/TRCIEC/22/3/2020) in India; Institutional Research Ethics Committee of Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (N° 407–35 - 22) in Peru; Institute for the Development of Human Research Protection Thailand (certificate number IHRP2022085 IHRP No. 065–2565) in Thailand; Koc University Committee on Human Research (2020.306.IRB3.113) in Türkiye; Ethical Review Board For Biomedical Research of Hanoi University of Public Health (No. 427/2021/YTCC-HD3) in Viet Nam; Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ) (No. MRCZ/A/2731) in Zimbabwe.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.