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Authors
Dong, Shiju
Ma, Junxiao
Yu, Zexuan
Li, Peilong
Sun, Jingjie
Li, Jiajia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274108)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2022MG003)
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Article History
Received: 27 July 2025
Accepted: 10 October 2025
First Online: 23 October 2025
Declarations
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: In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the institutional review board of the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics provided review and ethics approval of the survey (license number 2023(105)). Written informed consents clarifying the study purposes were obtained from each participant.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
