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Authors
Young, Sera L.
Miller, Joshua D.
Bose, Indira
Collins, Shalean M.
Danaj, Sarah
Kazakov, Boris
Pauli, Benjamin J.
Ravnachka, Aleksandra
Ritchie, Adam
Rydland, Kelsey
Sefcovic, Benjamin
Staddon, Chad
Staddon, Sophia
Vonk, Jaynie
Frongillo, Edward A.
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Article History
Received: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 25 October 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Declarations
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: The qualitative component of this study was approved by Northwestern University’s Institutional Review Board (STU00213587) and determined to be exempt by the Institutional Review Boards at Tulane University and Kettering University. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to conducting cognitive interviews. Survey data were collected by Gallup as part of the Gallup World Poll, following their standard protocols for participant recruitment and informed consent. Analyses presented here are based on deidentified data provided by Gallup; the authors of this paper were not involved in the original data collection or consent procedures.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
