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Article History

Received: 20 August 2025

Accepted: 16 November 2025

First Online: 24 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is part of a bigger research project approved by Tehran University of Medical Sciences with the number: IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1397.726. The ethics license and permission have also been obtained from relevant organizations such as Association for the Protection of Working Children. All interviews were anonymous, and prior to the interview, the purpose of the interview, the use of a tape recorder, and the discretion to leave the interview at any time were explained to the participants. Interviews with working children were conducted with the permission and coordination of the authorities of Child Labor Centers, and also written informed consent was obtained from the authorities of the centers and parents of the working children. During the street observations, the children were informed about the study and the purpose of being in the environment. No photos and private information of working children were published. All names used are pseudonyms to ensure confidentiality, and ethical guidelines for research with vulnerable populations were strictly followed.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.