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Authors
Metwally, Ammal M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0575-5202
El-Din, Ebtissam M. Salah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3331-8977
Abouelnaga, Marwa W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2970-5966
Nassar, Maysa S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3340-6803
Shehata, Manal A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8749-7010
Ahmed, Doaa E.
Elshaarawy, Ghada A.
Ibrahim, Nihad A.
Armaneous, Ayman F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9127-4415
Elabd, Mona A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0117-4307
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Centre Egypt
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Article History
Received: 3 July 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects [ ]. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the National Research Centre, Egypt (Approval No. 16250). Written informed consent was obtained from all participating women. For participants unable to write, a right thumbprint was accepted as legal consent. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. The informed consent process was designed to ensure clarity and cultural appropriateness, in alignment with recommendations regarding Egyptian guardians’ preferences for informed consent practices [ ]. To preserve confidentiality, infants were assigned serial identification numbers, and all personal data were anonymized and securely stored. From an ethical standpoint, a post-evaluation nutrition awareness session was conducted in the control village, during which educational materials were distributed to benefit the wider community.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
