Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Oshio, Takashi
Ping, Ruru
Honda, Ayako
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23K01419)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23H00049)
Health Labour Sciences Research (24BA1002)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 11 May 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 6 December 2025
Declarations
:
: Data from the “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions” (CSLC) was obtained with permission from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). The CSLC is authorized by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, which oversees all government surveys in Japan and ensures compliance with statistical, legal, and ethical standards in accordance with the Statistics Law in Japan. Therefore, ethical approval or consent to participate was not required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
