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Authors
Maritim, Beryl
Mbau, Rahab
Musiega, Anita
Musuva, Anne
Amboko, Beatrice
Tsofa, Benjamin
Mazzilli, Caitlin
Vilcu, Ileana
Wong, Ethan
Murira, Felix
Nzinga, Jacinta
Boxshall, Matt
Mugo, Peter
Muthuri, Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi
Ng’ang’a, Wangari
Ravishankar, Nirmala
Barasa, Edwine
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-049230)
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Article History
Received: 9 June 2025
Accepted: 14 January 2026
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
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: Prior to the commencement of the study, ethical approval was obtained from the Scientific and Ethics Review Unit (SERU) of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) (Protocol No. KEMRI/SERU/CGMR-C/294/4708). A national research permit was also granted by the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) (Permit No. NACOSTI/P/23/28111). In addition, approvals were secured from the respective County Health Departments to facilitate data collection at the county level. All participants provided written informed consent prior to taking part in the interviews. Participants were informed of the purpose of the study, their right to decline participation or withdraw at any point, and the measures taken to ensure anonymity and confidentiality. The dissemination workshop was also conducted in adherence to ethical standards, with participants informed that their views would be used to validate and enrich the study findings. No personally identifiable information was recorded or reported from the workshop discussions.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
