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Authors
Luoga, Pankras
Mahiti, Gladys Reuben
Nyamhanga, Tumaini
Adam, Jovinary
Kapinga, Oliva
Herzon, Blandina
Mwaisengela, Syabo M.
Materu, Patricia A.
German, Chrisogone J.
Mtulo, Grace Edward
Ndeki, Douglas George
Kapologwe, Ntuli A.
Eliakimu, Eliudi S.
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Article History
Received: 16 August 2025
Accepted: 3 February 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study analyzed the data collected from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), which had already obtained ethical clearance from the Tanzanian National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) for data collection. In addition, during the data collection process all respondents provided a written informed consent to participate in the survey as per the Helsinki declaration. Therefore, this study did not require any additional ethical clearance. However, permission to use the data was obtained from the DHS custodian by submitting our concept note.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
