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Article History

Received: 1 December 2024

Accepted: 14 February 2026

First Online: 21 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Brighton and Sussex Medical School Research Governance and Ethics Committee in the UK (2nd August 2021, Ref Number ER/BSMS9E3G/9), the Institutional Review Board of the College of Arts and Social Sciences at University of Rwanda (29th June 2021) and to be able to conduct community outreach and household survey, we got an authorization permit from both the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (1st October 2021, Ref Number 0286/2021/10/NISR) and the study district mayors. Participants were informed of the goals of the research, and verbal or written informed consent was obtained.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.