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Authors
Dahir, Hamze G. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0503-3716
Nour, Ilham Muse
Ahmed, Hakima Abdirahman
Yousuf, Abdirashid M. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1272-5566
Muse, Abdisalam Hassan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4905-0044
Ahmed, Samakaab Baashe
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Article History
Received: 27 September 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 26 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study is based on the secondary analysis of publicly available and fully anonymized data from the 2020 Somalia Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS). The original survey protocol received ethical clearance from the relevant institutional review boards in Somalia and the ICF Institutional Review Board in the United States. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the original data collection. As the current study utilized de-identified secondary data, it was exempt from requiring further ethical approval. All analyses were conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
