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Article History

Received: 6 November 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study adhered to the ethical principles of the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human participants. The study “Age-friendly cities and communities: the case of Colombian and Spanish cities” was reviewed and approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the Institute of Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, during its session on 29 October 2021 (Approval Act No. 0011). The study was classified as minimal risk according to Resolution 8430 of 1993 of the Colombian Ministry of Health. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation, ensuring comprehension and voluntary agreement.

: This study did not include images, videos, or any other directly identifiable personal details. Sociodemographic information such as age and sex was collected, but it is presented only in aggregate form, ensuring that no participant can be individually identified. Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.