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Article History

Received: 14 June 2025

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study design was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shenzhen University (approval number: PN-202600023). This study exclusively relied on retrospective, de-identified data, including patient age, diagnosis codes, procedure codes, length of hospital stay, and hospitalization costs, and used intelligent methods to construct disease groupings. The research involved no direct contact with patients, no collection of personally identifiable information, and no clinical interventions. Consequently, the need for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Shenzhen University due to the study’s retrospective and non-interventional nature. All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.