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Authors
Du, Yushan
Zhu, Xiaohan
Wang, Mingxing
Ye, Ziyi
Cui, Wen
Guo, Chao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Top Young Talent Project of the National Special Support Program
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (7101303989)
Cyrus Tang Foundation (050459)
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Article History
Received: 10 November 2025
Accepted: 25 April 2026
First Online: 8 May 2026
Declarations
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: The CHARLS protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University (approval code: IRB00001052-11015) and conducted in accordance with China’s Regulations on Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (Trial Version, 2007) and the Declaration of Helsinki (2008 version). All participants in the CHARLS provided written informed consent.
: This manuscript has not been published previously and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. It will not be submitted to another journal while being considered by International Journal for Equity in Health . No part of this manuscript has been presented at meetings or posted online, including preprint servers.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
