Document is current

Article History

Received: 4 January 2026

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 30 May 2026

Declarations

:

: As the analysis does not involve interaction with human subjects or the collection of identifiable information, separate ethics approval and participant consent were not required. The NFHS datasets are de-identified and ethically cleared by the Institutional Review Board of the agencies responsible for survey implementation, with informed consent obtained from all original participants by the survey administrators. Access to the datasets was granted through the DHS Program data request system.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.