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Authors
Cece, Sinem https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5421-4392
Pınar, Abuzer https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2208-1326
Öztürk, Lamiha https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9724-5060
Şenay, Dilara https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7131-0398
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Article History
Received: 7 February 2026
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 18 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study is based exclusively on anonymized and publicly available secondary microdata from the Turkish Household Budget Survey provided by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). The dataset does not contain any identifiable personal information. In accordance with national regulations and institutional policies, ethical approval and informed consent were not required.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
