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Authors
Imanishi, Yousuke
Koda, Masahide
Iorini, Maria
Wada, Ichiro
Jwa, Sinchul
Tabuchi, Takahiro
Uchida, Mai
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP 21H04856, 22K18566)
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJSC21U6)
Intramural Fund of the National Institute for Environmental Studies; Innovative Research Program on Suicide Countermeasures (R3-2-2)
Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare of Health Labor Sciences Research Grant (23GC1019)
Ready for COVID-19 Relief Fund (5th period 2nd term 001)
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Article History
Received: 1 January 2026
Accepted: 20 July 2026
First Online: 24 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: We used data from two rounds of the Japan COVID-19 and Society internet Survey (JACSIS), which complied with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its 2008 revision. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Osaka International Cancer Institute (approved 19 June 2020; approval no. 20084). Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants after they viewed an online information page and before they answered the questionnaire.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: T.T. received financial support for research (consulting fees and lecture fees) from Daiichi Sankyo Healthcare Co., Ltd, Johnson & Johnson K.K., Data Seed Inc.,Workout-Plus LLC and EMMA CO., Ltd (in the last 36 months). M.U. receives royalties for the books “Ask The Geniuses About The Future” (Magazine House Publishing), “Social Justice” (Bunshun Shinsho), “Reappraisal” (Jitsugyo no Nihonsha), “Prescription for daily mental crises” (Daiwa shobo), “Living Depression” (Bunshun Shinsho), “Becoming A Working Mom” (Kadokawa) and “What Parents Need To Know When Parenting Becomes Challenging” (Nikkei BP). She also provided consultations to Guidepoint and Atheneum.Y.I. receives royalties for the books “Is this real? I tell you” (Seitousha), “Child sexual abuse” (Shueisha).
