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Authors
Sieck, Nicole E.
Liang, Menglu
Song, Hyeonjin
He, Hao
Raimann, Jochen G.
Cruz, Raul
Salawitch, Ross J.
Sapkota, Amy R.
Maddux, Frank W.
Usvyat, Len A.
Kotanko, Peter
Sapkota, Amir
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (1828910)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS029890-01A1)
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Article History
Received: 31 August 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board (IRB 1337900–3). As a secondary analysis of already collected data, written, informed consent was waived.
: Not applicable.
: JGR reported being an employee of and owning stock in Fresenius Medical Care North America (FMCNA). FWM reported owning stock in and being employed by FMCNA. LAU reported being an employee of the Renal Research Institute (RRI), a wholly owned subsidiary of FMCNA. PK reported having been an employee of RRI, and owning stock in FMCNA. All the other authors declared no competing interests.
