The assumption of a threshold is false in risk assessments for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) when endogenous hormones being disrupted are already above any possible threshold: a policy failure by the US FDA
Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-026-01265-z
Published Online: 2026-01-28
Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy
vom Saal, Frederick S.
Welshons, Wade V.
Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-01-28
Version of Record valid from 2026-02-06
Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 14 January 2026
First Online: 28 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.