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Authors
Li, Yiming
Wu, Bingjie
Li, Shiyang
Yuan, Zhichao
Liu, Liu
Huang, Yun
Tu, Lei
Zhang, Jun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFC3905203)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82574101)
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Article History
Received: 24 February 2026
Accepted: 31 July 2026
First Online: 11 August 2026
Declarations
: During manuscript preparation, ChatGPT was used solely to assist with English language editing and improving readability of selected text. It was not used to generate data, conduct statistical analyses, create figures or tables, or draw scientific conclusions. All AI-assisted text was critically reviewed, verified, and revised by the authors, who take full responsibility for the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from all mothers at enrollment.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
