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Implementing large language model and retrieval augmented generation to extract geographic locations of illicit transnational kidney trade

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-025-00397-8

Published Online: 2025-04-28

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Wang, Zifu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7183-5166
Li, Meng-Hao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2051-3690
Baxter, Patrick https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5308-3190
Zhorayev, Olzhas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-4552
Wei, Jiaxin https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2168-3193
Kovacs, Valerie

Zhao, Qiuhan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8259-0684
Yang, Chaowei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7768-4066
Koizumi, Naoru https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8722-0898
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

National Science Foundation (1838306)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-04-28

Version of Record valid from 2025-04-28
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Article History

Received: 23 July 2024

Accepted: 2 April 2025

First Online: 28 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.