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Article History

Received: 25 February 2025

Accepted: 1 October 2025

First Online: 28 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The analysis of clinical specimens in this study was approved by the ethics committee of Kyushu University Hospital (approval no. 23220-00; approval date, 6 October 2023) and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). Informed consent was obtained from the participating patients. Animal experiments were approved by the Kyushu University Animal Experiment Committee (approval no. A24-314-0) and were performed in accordance with Kyushu University Animal Experiment Regulations, related laws and regulations, and ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: E.I. has received honoraria from AstraZeneca and Chugai Pharmaceutical. Y.T.-K. has received personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Chugai Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, MSD, Ono Pharmaceutical, and Takeda Pharmaceutical outside the submitted work. D.S. has received honoraria from Eli Lilly Japan K.K. Y.Y. has received honoraria from AstraZeneca. K.T. has received honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, Ono Pharmaceutical, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Novartis Pharma K.K., Merck Biopharma, Kyowa Kirin, Daiichi-Sankyo, Pfizer, Amgen, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., and MSD, and is an advisory board member for Pfizer and Novartis Pharma K.K. I.O. has received honoraria and research funding from Daiichi Sankyo, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., AstraZeneca, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Ono Pharmaceutical; honoraria from Takeda Pharmaceutical and Novartis Pharma K.K.; and research funding from Bristol-Meyers Squibb and MSD Oncology. All other authors declare no competing interests.