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Authors
Yin, Xiaomao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-659X
Wu, Jinran
Xu, Mi-die
Tian, Tongguan
Zhu, Lin
Wang, Jiexuan
Dai, Xuan
Yang, Xin
Qian, Jingjing
Wang, Wenqiang
Zhu, Liangchen
Zhao, Zekun
Xu, Kai
Xu, Yanping
Li, Xinxing
Hu, Zhiqian
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Article History
Received: 15 April 2025
Accepted: 14 October 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
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: Samples of CRC were collected at Tongji Hospital according to the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University(Approval No.2021–116). CRC samples prior to immunotherapy were retrieved from Shanghai Cancer Center according to the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University(Approval No.2105235-26). Written informed consent was obtained from each patient or their legal guardians.All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the ethical obligations approved by the department of laboratory animal science of Tongji University.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
