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Article History

Received: 21 February 2025

Accepted: 29 November 2025

First Online: 3 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The differentiation of embryonic stem cells towards the pancreatic lineage was approved by the Robert Koch Institute (79th Authorization under the Stem Cell Act, AZ 3.04.02/0084). The isolation of PBMCs from healthy donors was approved by the Ethics Commission of Ulm University (#460/23). The isolation of pancreatic fibroblasts from healthy wild-type mice was performed at the Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester (CRUK MI) under a UK Home Office License and in accordance with the ‘Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act of 1986’ under Project License Number PP0429273 subject to review by the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body of CRUK MI. Human pancreatic tissue was obtained from donors who had provided written informed consent under the broad-consent framework of the Center for Personalized Medicine, University Hospital Ulm (State of Baden-Württemberg). All animal care and procedures followed German legal regulations and were approved by the governmental review board of the state of Baden-Württemberg (permission #: 1313, 1590, O.195–11, O.195–19). Archived pancreata isolated at the indicated time points from KC mice ( LSL-Kras G12D/ + (K); Ptf1a Cre/ + (C)) were used to visualize TNFα expression via RNA scope. The EMI-IPMN and INCITE study were approved from the institution's ethics committee (number 67/INT/2019 and CET302-2024, respectively) for patient's enrollment and all the patients signed informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: A.K. reports personal fees from the Falk foundation, Sanofi and Amgen outside the submitted work. No disclosures were reported by the other authors.