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Authors
Sexton-Oates, Alexandra
Mathian, Émilie
Candeli, Noah
Lim, Yuliya
Voegele, Catherine
Di Genova, Alex
Mangé, Laurane
Li, Zhaozhi
van Weert, Tijmen
Kalson, Lipika
Delhomme, Tiffany M.
Hillen, Lisa M.
Blázquez-Encinas, Ricardo
Gonzalez-Perez, Abel
Morrison, Maike L.
Lauricella, Eleonora
Mangiante, Lise
Bonheme, Lisa
Moonen, Laura
Absenger, Gudrun
Altmuller, Janine
Degletagne, Cyril
Brustugun, Odd Terje
Cahais, Vincent
Centonze, Giovanni
Chabrier, Amélie
Cuenin, Cyrille
Damiola, Francesca
de Montpréville, Vincent Thomas
Deleuze, Jean-François
Dingemans, Anne-Marie C.
Fadel, Élie
Gadot, Nicolas
Ghantous, Akram
Graziano, Paolo
Hofman, Paul
Hofman, Véronique
Ibáñez-Costa, Alejandro
Lacomme, Stéphanie
Lopez-Bigas, Nuria
Lund-Iversen, Marius
Milione, Massimo
Muscarella, Lucia Anna
Pedraza-Arevalo, Sergio
Perrin, Corinne
Planchard, Gaetane
Popper, Helmut
Roz, Luca
Sparaneo, Angelo
Buikhuisen, Wieneke
van den Berg, José
Tesselaar, Margot
Kim, Jaehee
Speel, Ernst Jan M.
Tabone-Eglinger, Séverine
Walter, Thomas
Wright, Gavin M.
Castaño, Justo P.
Chalabreysse, Lara
Chen, Liming
Caux, Christophe
Volante, Marco
Girard, Nicolas
Vignaud, Jean-Michel
Conde, Esther
Mansuet-Lupo, Audrey
Brcic, Luka
Pelosi, Giuseppe
Papotti, Mauro Giulio
Lantuejoul, Sylvie
Derks, Jules
Dayton, Talya
Alcala, Nicolas
Foll, Matthieu
Fernandez-Cuesta, Lynnette
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ligue Contre le Cancer
Agence Nationale de la Recherche
Ministero della Salute
Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro
KWF Kankerbestrijding
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
Axelera
Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Foundation
European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society
France-Stanford Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies
Worldwide Cancer Research
Institut National Du Cancer
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Article History
Received: 27 February 2026
Accepted: 11 June 2026
First Online: 27 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Ethics Committee (project number 19–07).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. Nicolas Girard has research support from Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen, LeoPharma, Lilly, Merk Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Sanofi, Sivan; he also has consultative services for Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, Ipsen Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen, LeoPharma, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mirati, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, Sivan Takeda; and he participates on a data safety monitoring board for Hoffmann-La Roche. Ernst-Jan M Speel has grant support from Pfizer, and participates on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, GSK, Johnson & Johnson, and Illumina.
