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Authors
Torres-Fernández, Lucia A.
Boehm, Volker
Kaufmann, Joel
Becker, Jonas P.
Garcia-Marquez, Maria
de Bruijn, Beaunelle
Rumińska, Agnieszka
Müller, Christian
Bosco, Graziella
Alavinejad, Nazanin
Lovric, Laura
Bihler, Johanna I.
Schulte, Hanna
Davoodi, Poorya
Schöllhorn, Anna
Weihrauch, Kian R.
Kaiser, Laura
Ibruli, Olta
Liu, Fanyu
Androulidaki, Ariadne
Wobst, Nina
Schmiel, Marcel
Valiulis, Justinas
Maas, Lukas
D’Rozario, Joshua
Sakthivelu, Vignesh
Göbel, Bianca
Touet, Marian
Brägelmann, Johannes
Höpker, Katja
John, Felix
Wolf, Jürgen
Knapp, Stefan
Quaas, Alexander
Cartolano, Maria
von Karstedt, Silvia
Beleggia, Filippo
Rammensee, Hans-Georg
Gouttefangeas, Cécile
Schlößer, Hans A.
Riemer, Angelika B.
Reinhardt, Hans Christian
Gehring, Niels H.
Peifer, Martin
Thomas, Roman K.
George, Julie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsklinikum Köln
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Article History
Received: 23 April 2026
Accepted: 17 July 2026
First Online: 27 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All patient-derived samples were handled according to ethical regulations and their use was approved by the institutional review board of the University of Cologne (IRB-ID 19-1164). All animal experiments were approved by and conduced in accordance with the regulations of the State Agency for Consumer Protection and Nutrition of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (LAVE, Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Ernährung, Nordrhein-Westfalen , AZ 81-02.04.2018.A002 and AZ 81-02.04.2022.A394).
Consent for publication: Not applicable
Competing interests: RKT is founder and shareholder of PearlRiver Bio, now acquired by Centessa, a shareholder of Centessa, and founder and shareholder of DISCO Pharmaceuticals. JG is a consultant to DISCO Pharmaceuticals and Tessellate Bio, and received honoraria from MSD and Boehringer Ingelheim. AS is a shareholder of AID Autoimmun Diagnostika GmbH. JPB has received research funding from Bayer outside of the submitted work. HCR received consulting and lecture fees from Abbvie, Roche, KinSea, Vitis, Cerus, Lilly, Novartis, Takeda, AstraZeneca, Vertex, and Merck. HCR received research funding from AstraZeneca and Gilead Pharmaceuticals. HAS received funding for research by Astra Zeneca.
