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Authors
Liu, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5741-9051
An, Jie https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6120-9348
Jiao, Cheng
Guo, Jun
Zhang, Lipu
Zhang, Zichuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-182X
Liu, Guangchao
Zhang, Yao
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Article History
Received: 1 March 2025
Accepted: 26 June 2025
First Online: 17 July 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because no additional institutional review board approval was required for the secondary analysis. All authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript for publication.
: The data used in this study are derived from NHANES, which is a publicly available dataset. All data used in this study are de-identified and do not contain any personally identifiable information. Therefore, no individual consent for publication is required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
