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Article History

Received: 18 February 2025

Accepted: 18 July 2025

First Online: 9 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was approved by the Joint Research Ethics Committee at the University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom (Reference Number: HEALTH 01195). Participants were informed about how their data would be managed and protected, and they actively consented to having their personal health data analyzed by clicking an “I agree” button at the end of the questionnaire. Participants were provided with clear instructions on how to withdraw from the study and have their data deleted by sending an email including their personal test ID.

: Not applicable.

: M.T. is affiliated with Bioactive Foods AS, a company owned by Zinzino Operations AB. C.R. and E.G. are directly affiliated with Zinzino Operations AB. T.G. is the CEO and co-founder of Vitas Analytical Services and serves as a member of Zinzino’s scientific advisory board. T.B. is affiliated with Vitas Analytical Services. P.C., and A.M.R. are consultants on Zinzino’s Scientific Advisory Board. While these affiliations may represent potential competing interests, the study was conducted objectively, and the data analysis and interpretation were performed independently of any commercial influence.