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Authors
Ma, Yichen
Zhai, Xiaobing
Mu, Danni
Gao, Yumeng
Li, Yuemeng
Qiu, Ling
Li, Kefeng
Cheng, Xinqi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2024ZD0533200)
the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2024ZD0533200)
the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2024ZD0533200)
the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2024ZD0533200)
the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2024ZD0533200)
the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2024ZD0533200)
the Joint Research Funding Program between the Macau Science and Technology Development Fund and the Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province (0009/2024/AGJ)
the Joint Research Funding Program between the Macau Science and Technology Development Fund and the Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province (0009/2024/AGJ)
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Article History
Received: 25 June 2025
Accepted: 22 August 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: The original CHARLS study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee at Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). UK Biobank received ethical clearance from the North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee (REC: 11/NW/0382). And all individuals gave written consent before taking part.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
