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Authors
Li, Shuang
Fan, Hongxuan
Li, Tianjiao
Zhou, Shanyi
Huang, Zhuolin
Liu, Lei
Yang, Yafen
Li, Jiahui
Ren, Zhaoyu
Lu, Yanyan
Meng, Weihao
Zhou, Boda
Ren, Hongqiang
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Article History
Received: 31 July 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 12 November 2025
Declarations
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: The CHARLS study has been granted approval by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University. The household survey portion of the study has received approval under the number IRB00001052-11015, while the collection of blood samples has been approved under the number IRB00001052-11014. Additionally, all participants have voluntarily provided their written informed consent to take part in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
