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Authors
Zhang, Ziqi
Lu, Jiying
Chen, Milian
Dai, Liang
Xiang, Yingying
Liu, Zhidong
Cao, Ying
Sheng, Wei
Li, Chunlin
Song, Deji
Zhang, Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5338-6096
Ji, Guang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-3676
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (No. 2022XD023)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82174250)
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Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: The data used in this study were sourced from the NHANES database. All NHANES protocols were approved by the Ethics Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
