Zhang, Wei
Jing, Changhua
Liu, Xiaolu
Hou, Huaying
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cultivation Fund Program of the Second Hospital of Shandong University (2022YP103)
Article History
Received: 29 August 2025
Accepted: 25 December 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Declaration
:
: The study protocol for the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was approved by the Peking University Institutional Review Board (IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided written informed consent. The current secondary analysis of CHARLS data was conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.