Huang, Ruiyuan
Liu, Siyi
Ouyang, Xiaolan
Li, Qiuying
Wang, Qiuyu
Li, Shangfang
Hong, Xinyan
Nie, Zhiqiang
Lei, Liming
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82270308)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023ZD0504405-1)
Article History
Received: 4 October 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 14 January 2026
Declarations
:
: MIMIC-IV (Version 2.2) was the source of the data. Patients’ privacy in MIMIC-IV was safeguarded and identity information was hidden. Therefore, the institutional ethics committee did not require any further consent processes.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.