Chen, Jiao https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9467-0624
Zhang, Chao
Li, Shuning
Wang, Zhi
Xie, Jiding
Hu, Qianqian
Dai, Jingang https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7825-3805
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7232308)
the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes (XTCX2023002)
Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 1 January 2026
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
:
: CHARLS was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015), and informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.