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Article History

Received: 24 September 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 14 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was carried out using publicly accessible, de-identified data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Ethical review for the original CHARLS project was provided by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015), and informed consent was obtained from participants at enrollment. As the present investigation analyzed anonymized secondary datasets without any direct involvement of human subjects, additional institutional ethical approval was not required.

: No separate consent for publication was necessary.

: The authors declare no competing interests.