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Authors
Jiang, Chen
Li, Zhanfei
Wu, Qiqi
Chen, Jian
Yao, Ying
Wang, Kan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2025M772263)
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Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Accepted: 10 January 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The use of the MIMIC-IV database was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. As the database is publicly available and contains only de-identified data, additional institutional review board approval and informed consent were not required. Ethical approval for the Chinese cohort was granted by the Tongji Hospital Ethics Committee (TJ-IRB20251256), which also granted a waiver of informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
