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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62472207)
Major Science and Technology Special Project of Henan Province (241100310300)
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Article History
Received: 24 March 2026
Accepted: 24 June 2026
First Online: 29 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for CHARLS was obtained from the Peking University Ethics Committee and. The IRB approval number for the main household survey, including anthropometrics, is IRB00001052-11015; the IRB approval number for biomarker collection, was IRB00001052-11014. The ELSA received ethical approval from the South Central – Berkshire Research Ethics Committee on 23rd September 2015 (15/SC/0526) and again on 10th May 2018 (17/SC/0588) under the auspices of the National Research and Ethics Service (NRES). All methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants involved in the studies.
: All authors agree to publish this paper.
: All authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
