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Authors
Lei, Li-Min
Lin, Xiao
Xu, Feng
Li, Fu-Xing-Zi
Shan, Su-Kang
Zheng, Ming-Hui
Guo, Bei
Cao, Ye-Chi
Zhou, Zhi-Ang
He, Si-Yang
Wu, Yan-Lin
Chen, Xi
Zhang, Fei
Zhang, Wen-Hui
Zhu, Jia-Qi
Wang, Ya-Rong
Deng, Qi-Rong
He, Zi-Ping
Wu, Feng
Yuan, Ling-Qing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8602-7113
Li, Zhi-Hong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (2025ZZTS0147)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (No.2025ZZTS0807)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (No.2026ZZTS0107)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82470927)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82100494)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82200869)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82571030, 82370892)
The Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No.2025JJ60687)
Key R&D Plan of Hunan Province (2020SK2078)
the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No. 2021JJ30036)
National Clinical Key Specialties Main Research Projects (No. Z2023026)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2023YFC2507600)
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Article History
Received: 5 February 2026
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 23 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval and informed consent were not required for this human study because the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019), reviewed and approved by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board (IRB), used de-identified, aggregate data to estimate low bone mineral density (LBMD) and falls, qualified for an informed-consent exemption, and posed no risk of personal identity disclosure. For more details about the original data sources, refer to the GBD 2019 data input sources tool site ( ).Approval for animal experimentation was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University (No. 20220171). Procedures conformed to the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (8th ed., 2011).
Consent for publication: All authors agree for publication.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
