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Authors
Zhang, Mingda
Cheng, Hui G.
Noggle, Brendan
Janak, Jud C.
Richards, Megan
Smith, David
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Altria Group
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Article History
Received: 13 August 2024
Accepted: 14 December 2024
First Online: 23 December 2024
Declarations
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: All database records are statistically de-identified and certified to be fully compliant with US patient confidentiality requirements set forth in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. Because this study used only de-identified patient records and did not involve the collection, use, or transmittal of individually identifiable data, this study was exempted from Institutional Review Board approval.
: Not applicable.
: M.Z., H.C., and B.N. are employed by Altria Client Services LLC; J.J., M.R., and D.S. are employed by Merative LP which received funding from Altria Client Services LLC for the study. The authors have no additional competing interests.
