Document is current

Article History

Received: 3 December 2024

Accepted: 28 January 2025

First Online: 24 March 2025

Declarations

:

: This article is based on publicly available studies and data. It does not involve any direct research with human participants, and therefore, ethics approval and consent to participate are not applicable.

: Image 1 included in this article was sourced from the publicly available ‘Say No to Vaping’ campaign by the state government agency NSW Health. These resources are provided for public education and stakeholder use, and proper attribution has been given in the figure caption. Image 2 included in this article is a ‘Just Say No’ campaign image and is a public domain resource provided by the US Department of Health and Human Services. As such, no restrictions apply to its use. Proper attribution is provided in the figure caption. We have no other interests to declare.

: The authors receive funding from the Department of Home Affairs for research into the Australian nicotine black market. The authors have never received any funding from any tobacco or vaping related industries. James Martin is a Tobacco Harm Reduction Advisor to Harm Reduction Australia. This role involves advocacy for harm reduction approaches to nicotine use, which is relevant to the topics discussed in this article. This affiliation does not influence the objectivity or conclusions of the paper.