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Article History

Received: 31 October 2024

Accepted: 13 March 2025

First Online: 28 March 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval was obtained from the University of Sydney Human Ethics Committee [ID: 2023/029].

: Not applicable.

: SG has received direct and indirect funding since 2020 through the University of Sydney from Australian Leisure and Hospitality Group Pty Ltd, Entain Australia, Sportsbet, NSW Office of Responsible Gambling, West HQ, Brain and Mind Centre, Cambridge Health Alliance, Aristocrat Leisure Limited, and ICRG. SG has received consulting funds for providing subject matter expertise for New Zealand Crown Counsel, NSW Liquor & Gaming Authority, New Zealand Gaming Machine Association, Singapore Ministry of Health, Betcloud, NZ BlueCloud, UK Behavioural Insights Team, KPMG, QBE, Coms Systems Limited, Advance Gaming (NZ) Limited, GambleAware, Star Entertainment, GREO, Senet, and Norths Collective. SG has received honorarium and/or travel costs for presentations for Cyprus National Betting Authority, Asian Racing Federation, Leagues Club Australia, Australian Cricketers Association, Star Entertainment, CAMH, Behavioural Insights Team, National Council on Problem Gambling, GambleAware, GREO, Informa, and Washington State Council, European Lotteries Association. SG holds unpaid appointments as an invited member on the NSW Independent Panel on Gambling Reform, is the Pillar Champion for Technology and Environment for the QLD Responsible Gambling Advisory Committee, is a board member for the Asian Racing Federation Council on Anti-Illegal Betting and Related Financial Crime. SG receives an honorarium for her role as Co-Editor-in-Chief for International Gambling Studies from Taylor & Francis. DC has worked on projects funded through the University of Sydney from West HQ and the ICRG. RH has worked on a project funded by Responsible Wagering Australia (a representative body of Australian online wagering operators; University of Sydney, 2019–2021) and as an independent, sub-contracted statistical consultant for PRET Solutions Inc on a commissioned project (funded by the Australian Casino operator Crown; 2023). RH and SG are named investigators on a grant from the ICRG in 2023.